<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1201812455990987760</id><updated>2009-11-17T21:48:47.527-08:00</updated><title type='text'>METAMORFOSA</title><subtitle type='html'></subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://myjourneys-tommo.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1201812455990987760/posts/default'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://myjourneys-tommo.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><author><name>Tommo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14568206338333271420</uri><email>tommoforester@yahoo.com</email></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>24</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1201812455990987760.post-2879119837271136522</id><published>2008-10-21T18:15:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-09-28T21:16:44.409-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Biosphere Reserve</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_Itk-hVECtI4/SqNDDjME5WI/AAAAAAAAAkk/wr8VFuan3hM/s1600-h/DSCF3261.JPG"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 200px; height: 150px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_Itk-hVECtI4/SqNDDjME5WI/AAAAAAAAAkk/wr8VFuan3hM/s200/DSCF3261.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5378216108275066210" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Currently, Indonesia already have 6 Biosphere Reserves, namely: Gede-Pangrango, Tanjung Puting, Komodo, Kutai, Siberut and Leuser, which all of them are in a form of national park.This 'establish' conventional concept of biosphere reserve has to be a national park, seems need to be reformat. Because by doing so it will allow wider applicable to other areas in Indonesia.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;There has been different ways of looking at how a biosphere reserve take form. First and quite establish concept is that biosphere reserve has to be a national park. The second is that the idea that biosphere reserve is not a matter of status, instead it is more than that, it is the matter of management. The newly proposed biosphere reserve is Giam Siak Bukit Batu which located in Riau Province is currently not a national park, instead it is actually a part of a forest concession areas that dedicated for conservation areas ( 72, 255 ha) by the Sinar Mas Forestry Group. If the first concept will be applied, then the proposed area will have to be converted to national park, and surely if not it will bring many pro-contra, looking at the fact that most national parks in this country failed to achieve its goals and become degraded land as well. So the second idea offered more down to earth concept that basically tries to implement the conservation platform which is to save, study and to use. More focal point will be on research and carbon trade based on the REDD platform.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1201812455990987760-2879119837271136522?l=myjourneys-tommo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://myjourneys-tommo.blogspot.com/feeds/2879119837271136522/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=1201812455990987760&amp;postID=2879119837271136522' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1201812455990987760/posts/default/2879119837271136522'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1201812455990987760/posts/default/2879119837271136522'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://myjourneys-tommo.blogspot.com/2008/10/biosphere-reserve.html' title='Biosphere Reserve'/><author><name>Tommo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14568206338333271420</uri><email>tommoforester@yahoo.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='18134192725772347585'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_Itk-hVECtI4/SqNDDjME5WI/AAAAAAAAAkk/wr8VFuan3hM/s72-c/DSCF3261.JPG' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1201812455990987760.post-2186159098679313646</id><published>2008-10-07T06:42:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-09-05T22:07:20.827-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Seedling recruitment after volcanic disturbance</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_Itk-hVECtI4/SqNDcGR4ErI/AAAAAAAAAks/FXLz8_ct23I/s1600-h/DSC02321_resize.JPG"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 200px; height: 150px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_Itk-hVECtI4/SqNDcGR4ErI/AAAAAAAAAks/FXLz8_ct23I/s200/DSC02321_resize.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5378216530011493042" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:11;"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:verdana;font-size:100%;"  &gt;Type of situation at Merapi in which recruitment from seed was taking place, Kaliadem, May 2008 (Private photo). The deposit is 2 years old. One pine seedling located in the centre. Pine needles and branches, both within and on top of the deposit prevent erosion, act as mulch and may aid in supplying nutrient.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1201812455990987760-2186159098679313646?l=myjourneys-tommo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://myjourneys-tommo.blogspot.com/feeds/2186159098679313646/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=1201812455990987760&amp;postID=2186159098679313646' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1201812455990987760/posts/default/2186159098679313646'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1201812455990987760/posts/default/2186159098679313646'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://myjourneys-tommo.blogspot.com/2008/10/seedling-recruitment-after-volcanic.html' title='Seedling recruitment after volcanic disturbance'/><author><name>Tommo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14568206338333271420</uri><email>tommoforester@yahoo.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='18134192725772347585'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_Itk-hVECtI4/SqNDcGR4ErI/AAAAAAAAAks/FXLz8_ct23I/s72-c/DSC02321_resize.JPG' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1201812455990987760.post-259212034326816579</id><published>2008-10-05T06:54:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2009-09-05T22:08:41.445-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Establishment of life on volcano</title><content type='html'>&lt;div face="georgia" style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_Itk-hVECtI4/SqNDrVn-5tI/AAAAAAAAAk0/8q4Q6w1hoJw/s1600-h/DSC02290_resize.JPG"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 200px; height: 150px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_Itk-hVECtI4/SqNDrVn-5tI/AAAAAAAAAk0/8q4Q6w1hoJw/s200/DSC02290_resize.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5378216791828784850" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;i style=""&gt;&lt;span style="" lang="EN-AU"&gt;Anaphalis javanica &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-AU"  style="font-size:100%;"&gt;is one of several species that were able to establish early in succession, following the 2006 eruption of &lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:placetype st="on"&gt;Mount&lt;/st1:placetype&gt; &lt;st1:placename st="on"&gt;Merapi&lt;/st1:placename&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;, by lodging among rocks. Rocks, as well as other microsite features, enhance moisture and nutrients, while protecting seedlings from herbivory&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1201812455990987760-259212034326816579?l=myjourneys-tommo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://myjourneys-tommo.blogspot.com/feeds/259212034326816579/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=1201812455990987760&amp;postID=259212034326816579' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1201812455990987760/posts/default/259212034326816579'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1201812455990987760/posts/default/259212034326816579'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://myjourneys-tommo.blogspot.com/2008/10/establishment-of-life-on-volcano.html' title='Establishment of life on volcano'/><author><name>Tommo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14568206338333271420</uri><email>tommoforester@yahoo.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='18134192725772347585'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_Itk-hVECtI4/SqNDrVn-5tI/AAAAAAAAAk0/8q4Q6w1hoJw/s72-c/DSC02290_resize.JPG' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1201812455990987760.post-9148785200420536819</id><published>2008-09-25T14:58:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-09-05T22:11:43.738-07:00</updated><title type='text'>jurnal artikel ilmiah gratis</title><content type='html'>Artikel ilmiah memang tidak dapat dipungkiri sangat diperlukan oleh para peneliti, akademisi bahkan praktisi. Namun ironisnya tidaklah hal yang mudah bagi sebagian besar orang untuk dapat memperoleh akses ke dalam beberapa database yang mengelola jurnal-jurnal ilmiah tersebut. Beberapa universitas terkemuka baik negeri maupun private, sekolah dan beberapa organisasi saat ini telah mulai berlangganan beberapa database untuk mengakses jurnal ilmiah, databse seperti Proquest, Jstor, Science direct dan lainnya. Tetapi jangan berkecil hati bagi yang belum bisa mengakses, ada banyak cara untuk bisa mendapatkan artikel ilmiah yang kita inginkan. Some people biasa menitip kepada teman atau kolega yang dapat mengakses jurnal misalnya ke teman yang sedang bersekolah di LN. Selain itu ternyata juga terdapat beberapa free journalarticle yangtersedia di internet seperti berikut ini:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt; DOAJ atau Directory of Open Access Journal, seluruh isinya dapat didownload secara gratis dan cukup banyak terdapat pilihan bidang ilmu. Link ke websitenya adalah http://www.doaj.org/&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt; Untuk para siswa maupun guru, kini depdiknas menerbitkan buku sekolah online yang dapat diunduh secara gratis salah satunya melalui website dari LIPI dari link logo buku e-lipi di halaman depan blog ini.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt; Semoga bermanfaat :)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1201812455990987760-9148785200420536819?l=myjourneys-tommo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://myjourneys-tommo.blogspot.com/feeds/9148785200420536819/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=1201812455990987760&amp;postID=9148785200420536819' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1201812455990987760/posts/default/9148785200420536819'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1201812455990987760/posts/default/9148785200420536819'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://myjourneys-tommo.blogspot.com/2008/09/jurnal-artikel-ilmiah-gratis.html' title='jurnal artikel ilmiah gratis'/><author><name>Tommo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14568206338333271420</uri><email>tommoforester@yahoo.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='18134192725772347585'/></author><thr:total xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1201812455990987760.post-1082105586268071419</id><published>2008-09-03T09:08:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-09-05T22:14:10.273-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Agro forestry: application of ecological principles</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_Itk-hVECtI4/SqNFGCsceUI/AAAAAAAAAk8/Q0-BKvu7R7A/s1600-h/DSC01411.JPG"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 200px; height: 150px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_Itk-hVECtI4/SqNFGCsceUI/AAAAAAAAAk8/Q0-BKvu7R7A/s200/DSC01411.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5378218350115322178" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Dalam Bahasa Indonesia, istilah agroforestry dikenal pula dengan istilah wanatani, dalam arti sederhananya adalah metode bertani dengan menanam pepohonan hutan di lahan pertanian. Sistem ini sebenarnya telah dipraktekkan oleh para petani di berbagai tempat di Indonesia selama berabad-abad, misalnya yang dikenal dengan ladang berpindah, kebun campuran di lahan sekitar rumah (pekarangan) dan padang penggembalaan. Menurut De Foresta et al.(1997), agroforestri dapat dikelompokkan menjadi dua sistem, yaitu sistem agroforestri sederhana dan sistem agroforestri kompleks. Sistem agroforestri sederhana adalah menanam pepohonan secara tumpang-sari dengan satu atau beberapa jenis tanaman semusim. Jenis-jenis pohon yang ditanam bisa bernilai ekonomi tinggi misalnya kelapa, karet, cengkeh dan jati atau bernilai ekonomi rendah seperti dadap, lamtoro dan kaliandra. Sedang jenis tanaman semusim misalnya padi, jagung, palawija, sayur-mayur dan rerumputan atau jenis tanaman lain seperti pisang, kopi dan kakao. Pepohonan bisa ditanam sebagai pagar mengelilingi petak lahan tanaman pangan atau ditanam berbaris dalam larikan sehingga membentuk lorong/pagar. Sistem agroforestri kompleks, merupakan suatu sistem pertanian menetap yang berisi banyak jenis tanaman (berbasis pohon) yang ditanam dan dirawat dengan pola tanam dan ekosistem menyerupai hutan. Di dalam sistem ini tercakup beraneka jenis komponen seperti pepohonan, perdu, tanaman musiman dan rerumputan dalam jumlah banyak. Kenampakan fisik dan dinamika di dalamnya mirip dengan ekosistem hutan alam baik hutan primer maupun hutan sekunder.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Proses-proses ekologis yang sebenarnya selama ini telah dikelola oleh para petani terdapat di dalam penerapan sistem agroforestri ini. Kegiatan-kegiatan yang ada di dalamnya mengacu pada suatu landasan teori-teori ekologis yang belum banyak diketahui dan selama ini hanya berangkat dari trial and error saja oleh para petani, lalu seperti apakah landasan teori tersebut ? Tulisan selanjutnya akan mencoba menjabarkan beberapa aplikasi landasan ekologis di dalam salah satu kegiatan-kegiatan agroforestri.&lt;br /&gt;Tumpang Sari; Interaksi Pepohonan-Tanaman Semusim-Tanah&lt;br /&gt;Menanam pohon secara tumpangsari dengan tanaman semusim, pada satu tempat dan waktu yang bersamaan maupun bergiliran (sistem bera), merupakan pola dasar sistem agroforestri. Pada sistem agroforestri terjadi interaksi yaitu adanya proses yang saling mempengaruhi dari komponen-komponen penyusun agroforestri.&lt;br /&gt;Interaksi tersebut bisa positif (komplimentasi) atau negatif (kompetisi). Oleh karena itu dalam memilih jenis pohon yang menjadi komponen agroforestri harus didasarkan pada sifat dan bentuk pohon yang berpengaruh terhadap tanaman semusim, apakah merugikan atau menguntungkan.&lt;br /&gt;Beberapa pengaruh pohon yang merugikan bila ditanam secara tumpangsari dengan tanaman semusim antara lain:&lt;br /&gt;1. Kompetisi cahaya&lt;br /&gt;Pohon biasanya tumbuh lebih tinggi daripada tanaman semusim, oleh karena itu kanopi pohon akan menaungi tanaman semusim.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. Kompetisi air dan hara&lt;br /&gt;Akar pepohonan dan tanaman semusim yang berkembang di lapisan yang sama akan saling berebut air dan hara sehingga mengurangi jumlah yang dapat diserap tanaman semusim. Kompetisi antara dua jenis tanaman terjadi bila kedua jenis tanaman (atau lebih) membutuhkan sumberdaya yang sama dan ketersediaan sumberdaya yang dibutuhkan tersebut terbatas. Tanaman yang pertumbuhannya cepat membutuhkan cahaya, air dan hara yang lebih banyak. Oleh karena itu pemilihan pohon dalam sistem agroforestri harus mempertimbangkan kecepatan tumbuhnya serta kebutuhan tanaman lain yang tumbuh pada lahan yang sama.&lt;br /&gt;3. Inang penyakit&lt;br /&gt;Seringkali pepohonan dapat menjadi inang hama dan penyakit untuk tanaman semusim.&lt;br /&gt;Selain pengaruh yang merugikan diatas, tumpang sari juga dapat menguntungkan karena beberapa sebab seperti berikut :&lt;br /&gt;1. Sumber bahan organik&lt;br /&gt;Daun pepohonan yang gugur dan hasil pangkasan yang dikembalikan ke dalam tanah dapat menjadi rabuk sehingga tanah menjadi remah. Berapa banyaknya masukan daun gugur setiap tahunnya?&lt;br /&gt;2. Menekan gulma&lt;br /&gt;Naungan pohon dapat menekan pertumbuhan gulma terutama alang-alang dan menjaga kelembaban tanah sehingga mengurangi risiko kebakaran pada musim kemarau. Adanya naungan dari pohon dapat memberikan keuntungan bagi tanaman tertentu yang menghendaki naungan misalnya kopi.&lt;br /&gt;3. Mengurangi kehilangan hara&lt;br /&gt;Akar pepohonan yang dalam dapat memperbaiki daur ulang hara, melalui beberapa cara, antara lain:&lt;br /&gt;· Akar pohon menyerap hara di lapisan atas dengan jalan berkompetisi dengan tanaman pangan, sehingga mengurangi pencucian hara ke lapisan yang lebih dalam. Namun pada batas tertentu kompetisi ini akan merugikan tanaman pangan.&lt;br /&gt;· Akar pohon berperan sebagai "jaring penyelamat hara" yaitu menyerap hara yang tidak terserap oleh tanaman pangan pada lapisan bawah selama musim pertumbuhan.&lt;br /&gt;· Akar pohon berperan sebagai "pemompa hara" terutama pada tanah-tanah subur, yaitu menyerap hara hasil pelapukan mineral/batuan induk pada lapisan bawah. Namun hal ini masih bersifat hipotesis, dan masih perlu penelitian lebih lanjut.&lt;br /&gt;4. Memperbaiki porositas tanah&lt;br /&gt;Akar pepohonan berperan memperbaiki struktur tanah dan porositas tanah, misalnya akar pohon yang mati meninggalkan lubang pori.&lt;br /&gt;5. Menambat N dari udara&lt;br /&gt;Pohon berbunga kupu-kupu (legume) dapat menambat N langsung dari udara, sehingga dapat mengurangi jumlah pupuk yang harus diberikan.&lt;br /&gt;6. Menekan serangan hama &amp;amp; penyakit&lt;br /&gt;Ada pepohonan yang dapat mengurangi populasi hama dan penyakit tertentu.&lt;br /&gt;7. Menjaga kestabilan iklim mikro&lt;br /&gt;Pepohonan yang ditanam cukup rapat dapat menjaga kestabilan iklim mikro, mengurangi kecepatan angin, meningkatkan kelembaban tanah dan memberikan naungan parsial (misalnya Erythrina (dadap) pada kebun kopi).&lt;br /&gt;8. Mengurangi bahaya erosi&lt;br /&gt;Untuk jangka panjang mengurangi bahaya erosi, melalui pengaruhnya terhadap perbaikan kandungan bahan organik tanah dan struktur tanah.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1201812455990987760-1082105586268071419?l=myjourneys-tommo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://myjourneys-tommo.blogspot.com/feeds/1082105586268071419/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=1201812455990987760&amp;postID=1082105586268071419' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1201812455990987760/posts/default/1082105586268071419'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1201812455990987760/posts/default/1082105586268071419'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://myjourneys-tommo.blogspot.com/2008/09/agro-forestry-application-of-ecological.html' title='Agro forestry: application of ecological principles'/><author><name>Tommo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14568206338333271420</uri><email>tommoforester@yahoo.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='18134192725772347585'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_Itk-hVECtI4/SqNFGCsceUI/AAAAAAAAAk8/Q0-BKvu7R7A/s72-c/DSC01411.JPG' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1201812455990987760.post-2638648312703195982</id><published>2008-07-23T19:15:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-07-31T05:03:21.025-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Opportunities for Integrating Ecological Restoration &amp; Conservation Biology</title><content type='html'>&lt;p  style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-family:arial;" class="Default"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Taken From &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"  style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;Society for Ecological Restoration International &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"  style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;BRIEFING NOTE May 2008&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"  style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"  style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;“The movement to conserve biodiversity is now at a critical junction. How do we maintain the viability and resilience of plant and animal species in the face of unprecedented habitat destruction and accelerated climate change? Outside certain plant and animal groups, &lt;i&gt;ex-situ &lt;/i&gt;conservation currently has a limited role to play in preserving and safeguarding biodiversity on any significant scale (in terms of amount and coverage of materials available), and is often too narrowly focused on particular groups or even “charismatic” organisms, underplaying the role of different trophic levels, functional groups, and biotic-abiotic feedback interactions (particularly soils and hydrology which are often ignored completely). &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"  style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;At the same time, ecosystems have been fragmented or significantly degraded to the point where they are unable to support many organisms &lt;i&gt;in-situ&lt;/i&gt;. It is now clear that conservation is no longer sufficient as protected areas continue to decline and habitat loss increases both within and outside these areas. Even many larger reserves do not have sufficient variation in habitat, elevation, or topography to allow for species adaptation to climate change. To properly address the current extinction crisis, we must not only preserve critical (core) habitat but repair and restore the ecological integrity of the surrounding and connected areas (Bennett &amp;amp; Mulongoy 2006), enabling threatened and endangered species to recover and indeed migrate more freely. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"  style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;Along with climate change and invasive species, both conservation and restoration scientists and practitioners cite the destruction, degradation and fragmentation of habitat as key drivers in the loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services (Turner &lt;i&gt;et al. &lt;/i&gt;2007). Even though ecological restoration has an important part to play in mitigating climate change and re-establishing native communities, this SER Briefing Note will address the complementary roles of ecological restoration and biological conservation, and their potential for integration within a unified ecosystem approach”.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p  style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-family:arial;" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-size:100%;" &gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;More details in : &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="font-family: arial;" href="http://www.ser.org/"&gt;www.ser.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1201812455990987760-2638648312703195982?l=myjourneys-tommo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://myjourneys-tommo.blogspot.com/feeds/2638648312703195982/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=1201812455990987760&amp;postID=2638648312703195982' title='3 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1201812455990987760/posts/default/2638648312703195982'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1201812455990987760/posts/default/2638648312703195982'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://myjourneys-tommo.blogspot.com/2008/07/opportunities-for-integrating.html' title='Opportunities for Integrating Ecological Restoration &amp; Conservation Biology'/><author><name>Tommo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14568206338333271420</uri><email>tommoforester@yahoo.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='18134192725772347585'/></author><thr:total xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'>3</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1201812455990987760.post-795156621119593266</id><published>2008-07-23T18:57:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-09-05T22:15:11.593-07:00</updated><title type='text'>1000 tahun "kelahiran" Merapi</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_Itk-hVECtI4/SqNFVfQqwUI/AAAAAAAAAlE/zrc8C-3eXtg/s1600-h/DSC01528_resizeEDIT.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 200px; height: 150px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_Itk-hVECtI4/SqNFVfQqwUI/AAAAAAAAAlE/zrc8C-3eXtg/s200/DSC01528_resizeEDIT.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5378218615481483586" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;i style=""&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="IN"&gt;Merapi is one of Indonesia's most active volcanoes. This stratovolcanic mountain (formed by layers of lava from successive eruptions) has a summit that reaches over 2900 m in altitude. Merapi lies in the densely populated province of&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Central Java and Jogjakarta. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i style=""&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="EN-AU"&gt;The name Merapi is believed to be derived from the words ‘Meru’ (mountain) and ‘Api’ (fire). &lt;span style="color:black;"&gt;Merapi is much more than just a mountain to the people of central Java. It is seen as a representation of the sacred Mount Meru of Hindu mythology, or as the home of more ancient Javanese spirits, and as one of the forces governing the fortunes of the old royal city of Yogyakarta, along with Ratu Kidul, the treacherous goddess of the south seas. &lt;/span&gt;The mountain of fire has been recorded as a highly active volcano with its first eruption and appearance and ever recorded chaotic eruption in 1006 (Van Bemmelen, 1970). The most recent eruption was in 2006 (or 1000 years after its first eruption)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p  style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;font-family:times new roman;"&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:11;" lang="EN-AU" &gt;Kini setelah lebih dari 1000 tahun, apa yang terjadi dengan Merapi?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:11;" lang="EN-AU" &gt;Hingga kini diperkirakan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:11;" lang="IN" &gt;hutan yang rusak diperkirakan lebih dari 1.300 hektar. Kerusakan ini sebagian besar diakibatkan oleh aktivitas vulkanik maupun tren perubahan iklim dengan ENSO nya yang banyak menyebabkan kebakaran hutan. Aktivitas vulkanik gunung ini memang ibarat dua sisi mata uang. Seperti diyatakan oleh Gertz seorang pakar antropologi bidang ekologi Indonesia: “ Gunung-gunung berapi di Jawa sepanjang sejarah telah merupakan sumber bagi kehidupan-melahirkan kesuburan tanah maupun air yang diberikan&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;oleh abu dan asap gunung-gunung berapi tersebut. Namun juga sumber kematian-yang disebabkan oleh gas beracun, awan panas, banjir lahar akibat meletusnya gunung-gunung tersebut pula”.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;span style="" lang="IN"&gt;Selain itu aktivitas ekstraksi hasil hutan pun terus berlanjut. Serta aktivitas penambangan pasir vulkanik. Mengenai kekayaan bahan Tambang di kawasan Merapi, seperti penuturan Chafied Fandeli Dosen Fakultas Kehutanan UGM “ekosistem Hutan Gunung Merapi-Merbabu menghasilkan Sumber Daya Alam yang melimpah, berupa bahan tambang mineral golongan C. Dalam sekali meletus skala kecil saja, Gunung Merapi mengeluarkan pasir dan batu sekitar 10 juta meter kubik. Nilai pertambangan dari mineral golongan C tersebut mencapai Rp 357.984.000,- “ (Kompas, 24 September 2002).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;span style="" lang="IN"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:11;" lang="IN" &gt;Lalu adanya konflik sosial mengenai status kawasan yg kini oleh pemerintah ditetapkan sebagai kawasan taman nasional. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:11;" lang="IN" &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:11;" lang="IN" &gt;Selanjutnya, meski berdekatan dengan pusat ilmu pengetahuan terbesar di Indonesia namun Merapi masih kurang dipelajari. Penelitian ilmiah jangka panjang yang telah diadakan terbatas pada sektor vulkanik, namun tidak ada penelitian ilmiah jangka panjang untuk memahami lingkungannya. Hal ini sangat disayangkan karena sebenarnya Merapi dapat dijadikan sebuah “laboratorium alam” yang unik untuk penelitian-penelitian dibidang Kehutanan, Botani, Geologi, Agronomi, Geografi, Ekologi dan Antropologi, dan bahwasanya laboratorium alam ini kurang dimanfaatkan oleh para sarjana yang menetap di yogya mencerminkan salah satu kelemahan dunia akademis di Indonesia (Handojo, 1985).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:11;" lang="IN" &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:11;" lang="IN" &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:11;" lang="IN" &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p face="times new roman" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;i style=""&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="EN-AU"&gt; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: times new roman;"&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:11;" lang="IN" &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1201812455990987760-795156621119593266?l=myjourneys-tommo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://myjourneys-tommo.blogspot.com/feeds/795156621119593266/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=1201812455990987760&amp;postID=795156621119593266' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1201812455990987760/posts/default/795156621119593266'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1201812455990987760/posts/default/795156621119593266'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://myjourneys-tommo.blogspot.com/2008/07/1000-tahun-kelahiran-merapi.html' title='1000 tahun &quot;kelahiran&quot; Merapi'/><author><name>Tommo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14568206338333271420</uri><email>tommoforester@yahoo.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='18134192725772347585'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_Itk-hVECtI4/SqNFVfQqwUI/AAAAAAAAAlE/zrc8C-3eXtg/s72-c/DSC01528_resizeEDIT.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1201812455990987760.post-1250177408109924990</id><published>2008-07-16T18:43:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-09-05T22:20:14.438-07:00</updated><title type='text'>menyelamatkan keanekaragaman hayati</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_Itk-hVECtI4/SqNGg9e_DSI/AAAAAAAAAlU/tYatPYPJk0k/s1600-h/DSC01402.JPG"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 200px; height: 150px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_Itk-hVECtI4/SqNGg9e_DSI/AAAAAAAAAlU/tYatPYPJk0k/s200/DSC01402.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5378219912084786466" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;Pada tanggal 9 Juli 2008 para pemimpin G8 berkomitmen untuk mewujudkan rencana aksi untuk menghentikan kehilangan keanekaragaman hayati di dunia. Bertempat di Hokkaido Jepang, telah dihasilkan rencana aksi yang memiliki &lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:city st="on"&gt;lima&lt;/st1:city&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt; komponen utama yaitu:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;&lt;span style="" lang="FI"&gt;1. Mencapai target konservasi keanekaragaman hayati pada tahun 2010&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;2. Keberlanjutan pemanfaatan keanekaragaman hayati&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;3. Keanekaragaman hayati dan kawasan yang dilindungi&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;4. Pelibatan pihak swasta dalam upaya konservasi keanekaragaman hayati&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;5. Memperkuat kapabilitas ilmiah di dalam memantau keanekaragaman hayati.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;Tambahan lagi mereka ini juga menekankan pada pentingnya ‘mempertemukan’ kegiatan penelitian ilmiah dengan masyakat umum dan para pembuat kebijakan. Selain itu perlu diingat peran penting keanekaragaman hayati di dalam meminimalisir dampak perubahan iklim, terutama dengan melakukan pengurangan emisi karbon dari &lt;i style=""&gt;deforestation&lt;/i&gt; dan kegiatan rehabilitasi dan restorasi ekosistem hutan sebagai &lt;i style=""&gt;carbon sinks.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Selengkapnya untuk melihat lebih detail dampak perubahan iklim terhadap keanekaragaman hayati di dunia dapat dilihat di peta interaktifnya the nature conservancy pada link berikut ini:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;http://www.nature.org/initiatives/climatechange/strategies/art21202.html&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;i style=""&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1201812455990987760-1250177408109924990?l=myjourneys-tommo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://myjourneys-tommo.blogspot.com/feeds/1250177408109924990/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=1201812455990987760&amp;postID=1250177408109924990' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1201812455990987760/posts/default/1250177408109924990'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1201812455990987760/posts/default/1250177408109924990'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://myjourneys-tommo.blogspot.com/2008/07/menyelamatkan-keanekaragaman-hayati.html' title='menyelamatkan keanekaragaman hayati'/><author><name>Tommo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14568206338333271420</uri><email>tommoforester@yahoo.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='18134192725772347585'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_Itk-hVECtI4/SqNGg9e_DSI/AAAAAAAAAlU/tYatPYPJk0k/s72-c/DSC01402.JPG' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1201812455990987760.post-4333241752447886912</id><published>2008-05-29T18:15:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-10-09T21:06:29.857-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Java's mountain forest</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_Itk-hVECtI4/StAIO66EdnI/AAAAAAAAAlc/w3cmRkqm2RY/s1600-h/DSC01672_resize.JPG"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_Itk-hVECtI4/StAIO66EdnI/AAAAAAAAAlc/w3cmRkqm2RY/s320/DSC01672_resize.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5390817806386493042" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:arial;font-size:10;color:black;"   &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="" lang="EN-AU"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;Lowland natural forests on Java have been generally cleared and remnants and many species are now confined to mountain areas making montane forest as important sites for a large extent of Java’s biodiversity (Whitten, et.al., 1996). Paddy field and plantations are now common in lowland landscapes in Java, substituting the primary lowland forest that used to be dominant in these landscapes. In the Northern Part of Java there are no single forest remains. In the Southern part only a few patches of lowland natural forests remaining such as those in West Java: Ujung Kulon and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place style="font-family: arial;" st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:placename st="on"&gt;Pangandaran&lt;/st1:placename&gt;  &lt;st1:placetype st="on"&gt;National Park&lt;/st1:placetype&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;. But all the lowland forests have vanished in the Southern part of Central and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place style="font-family: arial;" st="on"&gt;East Java&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt; where they were converted to plantations. Consequently, the only pristine forest in Java can only be found on mountains (Van Steenis, 1972).&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;These forests have survived due to their remoteness and impracticalities of agricultural development. However, with the continue rapid growing of human population economic crises that Indonesia has been going through, forest clearance on the mountain (volcanic) slopes has achieved its highest rate more than there used to in the colonial periods. Added to the forest degradation, are the ones that caused by natural disturbances such as volcanic activity, fire, and landslides.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1201812455990987760-4333241752447886912?l=myjourneys-tommo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://myjourneys-tommo.blogspot.com/feeds/4333241752447886912/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=1201812455990987760&amp;postID=4333241752447886912' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1201812455990987760/posts/default/4333241752447886912'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1201812455990987760/posts/default/4333241752447886912'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://myjourneys-tommo.blogspot.com/2008/05/indonesias-mountain-forest.html' title='Java&apos;s mountain forest'/><author><name>Tommo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14568206338333271420</uri><email>tommoforester@yahoo.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='18134192725772347585'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_Itk-hVECtI4/StAIO66EdnI/AAAAAAAAAlc/w3cmRkqm2RY/s72-c/DSC01672_resize.JPG' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1201812455990987760.post-8523309960776193263</id><published>2008-05-09T20:32:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-10-09T21:08:12.796-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Edelweis</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_Itk-hVECtI4/StAIoniTNhI/AAAAAAAAAlk/kOg5ENDG3YI/s1600-h/DSC02290_resize.JPG"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_Itk-hVECtI4/StAIoniTNhI/AAAAAAAAAlk/kOg5ENDG3YI/s320/DSC02290_resize.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5390818247863121426" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-AU"&gt;Mungkin bagi yang sering naik ke Gunung-Gunung di Jawa akan sangat familiar dengan tumbuhan ini. Edelweis mungkin adalah tumbuhan khusus yang paling terkenal di zona &lt;i style=""&gt;subalpin,&lt;/i&gt; sebbuah zona pegunungan dimana hanya terdapat satu lapis pohon dan agak “miskin jenis”. Memiliki nama latin &lt;i style=""&gt;Anaphalis javanica&lt;/i&gt;, masuk dalam famili Compositeae sesungguhnya merupakan tumbuhan sekunder yang muncul setelah vegetasi sub alpin terbakar atau hancur karena gangguan. Memiliki sifat pioneer hanya tumbuh di tempat yang miskin hara. Pertumbuhan edelweiss juga diperkirakan sangat lambat. Doctors Van Leeuwen (1933) mencatat bahwa sebuah semai edelweis memerlukan waktu kurang lebih 13 tahun untuk mencapai tinggi 20 cm. Jadi spesiemen edelweiss yang tinggi dengan ketebalan 15 cm mungkin telah tumbuh selama lebih dari 100 tahun Spesimen terbesar yang pernah dilaporkan adalah edelweiss raksasa dengan tinggi 6 m dan diameter batang 50 cm yang ditemukan di gunung Sumbing sekitar 70 tahunan yang lalu &lt;i style=""&gt;(Ecology of Java&amp;amp; Bali)&lt;/i&gt;. Gambar disamping adalah specimen edelweiss yang dijumpai penulis di hutan &lt;i style=""&gt;sub alpin&lt;/i&gt; Merapi yang terlanda erupsi pada tahun 2006 yang lalu. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1201812455990987760-8523309960776193263?l=myjourneys-tommo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://myjourneys-tommo.blogspot.com/feeds/8523309960776193263/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=1201812455990987760&amp;postID=8523309960776193263' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1201812455990987760/posts/default/8523309960776193263'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1201812455990987760/posts/default/8523309960776193263'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://myjourneys-tommo.blogspot.com/2008/05/edelweis.html' title='Edelweis'/><author><name>Tommo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14568206338333271420</uri><email>tommoforester@yahoo.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='18134192725772347585'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_Itk-hVECtI4/StAIoniTNhI/AAAAAAAAAlk/kOg5ENDG3YI/s72-c/DSC02290_resize.JPG' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1201812455990987760.post-1489156188032647767</id><published>2008-05-09T20:31:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-10-09T21:09:14.690-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Paku pohon</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_Itk-hVECtI4/StAI4tXNNFI/AAAAAAAAAls/GknuDKcJzp8/s1600-h/DSC01567_resize.JPG"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_Itk-hVECtI4/StAI4tXNNFI/AAAAAAAAAls/GknuDKcJzp8/s320/DSC01567_resize.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5390818524305110098" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-AU"&gt;Pakis atau paku pohon terutama Cyathea sp dari famili Cyatheaceae merupakan komponen umum daerah pegunungan terutama zona pegunungan bawah baik di hutan primer maupun di hutan yang telah terganggu. Diyakini sebagai bentuk hidup primitive sekaligus sophisticated life form yang kemungkinan telah ada semenjak masa Dinosarus masih ada, batang pohon pakis dapat tumbuh vertical setinggi 1 m dalam 15 tahun! Saat ini diketahui terdapat 15 jenis pakis pohon di Jawa yang hampir semuanya ditemukan di gunung &lt;i style=""&gt;(Ecology of Java&amp;amp; Bali)&lt;/i&gt;. Gambar di atas diambil di hutan sekunder sekitaran Bukit Plawangan-Turgo, kawasan Taman Nasional Gunung Merapi. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1201812455990987760-1489156188032647767?l=myjourneys-tommo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://myjourneys-tommo.blogspot.com/feeds/1489156188032647767/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=1201812455990987760&amp;postID=1489156188032647767' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1201812455990987760/posts/default/1489156188032647767'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1201812455990987760/posts/default/1489156188032647767'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://myjourneys-tommo.blogspot.com/2008/05/paku-pohon.html' title='Paku pohon'/><author><name>Tommo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14568206338333271420</uri><email>tommoforester@yahoo.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='18134192725772347585'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_Itk-hVECtI4/StAI4tXNNFI/AAAAAAAAAls/GknuDKcJzp8/s72-c/DSC01567_resize.JPG' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1201812455990987760.post-981935115850981820</id><published>2008-05-09T20:28:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2009-10-09T21:11:08.472-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Lumut</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_Itk-hVECtI4/StAJVNh1Q_I/AAAAAAAAAl0/6OUMBGiSo4s/s1600-h/DSC01762_resize.JPG"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_Itk-hVECtI4/StAJVNh1Q_I/AAAAAAAAAl0/6OUMBGiSo4s/s320/DSC01762_resize.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5390819013975950322" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-AU"&gt;Salah satu ciri yang paling mencolok dari daerah-daerah basah di hutan pegunungan atas adalah adanya banyak lumut &lt;i style=""&gt;Aerobryum &lt;/i&gt;yang menutupi permukaan tanah dan menghiasi setiap ranting kecil, dan cabang-cabang tumbuhan utama yang terdapat 2-3 m di atas permukaan tanah. Di atas zona yang terselimuti awan, epifit yang paling umum dijunpai adalah lumut jangut atau &lt;i style=""&gt;Usnea (Ecology of Java&amp;amp; Bali)&lt;/i&gt;. Gambar di atas diambil dari hutan pegunungan di Merapi pada ketinggian 2000 m di atas permukaan laut, nampak jelas adanya banyak lumut yang menutupi permukaan tanah. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1201812455990987760-981935115850981820?l=myjourneys-tommo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://myjourneys-tommo.blogspot.com/feeds/981935115850981820/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=1201812455990987760&amp;postID=981935115850981820' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1201812455990987760/posts/default/981935115850981820'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1201812455990987760/posts/default/981935115850981820'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://myjourneys-tommo.blogspot.com/2008/05/lumut.html' title='Lumut'/><author><name>Tommo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14568206338333271420</uri><email>tommoforester@yahoo.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='18134192725772347585'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_Itk-hVECtI4/StAJVNh1Q_I/AAAAAAAAAl0/6OUMBGiSo4s/s72-c/DSC01762_resize.JPG' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1201812455990987760.post-760261813944048760</id><published>2008-05-03T04:00:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-10-09T21:12:17.343-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Up to Merapi</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_Itk-hVECtI4/StAJmPHa37I/AAAAAAAAAl8/b3LSUoqHazU/s1600-h/DSC01490.JPG"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_Itk-hVECtI4/StAJmPHa37I/AAAAAAAAAl8/b3LSUoqHazU/s320/DSC01490.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5390819306459815858" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="" lang="SV"&gt;Ada 3 jalur yang biasanya dilalui untuk menuju puncak Merapi, mencapai puncak Garuda dengan ketinggian 2961 m adalah suatu kebanggaan tersendiri bagi yang mengalaminya.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="" lang="SV"&gt;Jalur-jalur yang biasanya dilalui adalah jalur Selo, jalur babadan dan jalur Kinahrejo.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;ol style="margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;" start="1" type="1"&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="" lang="SV"&gt;Jalur Selo&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="" lang="SV"&gt;Jalur ini merupakan lintasan terpendek menuju puncak, hanya membutuhkan waktu rata-rata 4 jam pendakian yang dimulai dari joglo New Selo di atas desa Plalangan Kec Selo Kab Boyolali Jateng. Dsini ada pemandu lokal yang siap mengantar anda dengan tarif&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;sekitar 100-ribu. Ada 3 pos yang mesti dilalaui yaitu pos 1 atau Selokopo Ngisor 2000 mdpl, dimana awal pendakian akan melewati jalan setapak yang kanan kirinya adalah kawasan pertanian. Kemudian 30 menit selanjutnya kita akan memasuki kawasan hutan. Pos 2 Selokopo dhuwur 2400 mdpl, jalan menuju selokopo dhuwur cukup tajam dan melalui lereng yang banyak batuan lepas, vegetasinya sudah mulai berkurang. Pos 3 Pasar Bubar, dari selokopo dhuwur jalannya tidak terjal, mulai naik tajam ketika mendekati punggungan lava gajah mungkur lalu belok ke kiri menuju Pasarbubar, yaitu lapangan luas yang datar dimana banyak angin bertiup kencang sehingga terdengar seperti suasana pasar. Perjalanan selanjutnya mendaki gunung anyar menuju puncak Garuda dengan kelerangan lebih dari 70 derajat, dan bau belerang sudah mulai terasa setelah itu tiba di tebing lereng kawah mati dan belok ke barat menuju puncak sekitar 5 menit disini kita akan jumpai tempat datar yang cukup luas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="" lang="SV"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;ol style="margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;" start="2" type="1"&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="" lang="SV"&gt;Jalur Babadan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="" lang="SV"&gt;Pendakian melalui jalur ini memerlukan waktu sekitar 5 jam. Di jalur Bbadan, kab Magelang Jawa Tengah ini kita akan disuguhi pemdangan yang indah dibandingkan 2 jalur lainnya. Sama seperti pada jakur Selo, disni pun terdapat pemandu lokal yang cukup profesional yang siap mengantar anda. Ada 3 pos yang harus dilwati yaitu, Pos 1 Bukit Pathuk 1600 mdpl, jarak tempuh ke bukit pathuk 1 jam dengan jalan setapak yang terpelihara, bila cuaca cerah bisa dilihat puncak Merapi beserta kubah lavanya disini jarak ke puncak hanya 2,5 km. Pos 2 Bukit Kejen 2100 mdpl, dari bkit pathuk jalan lurus ke bukit Klatakan ambil arah utara menyebrang hulu kali Trising1&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;menanjak ke bukit Stabelan kemudian ke bukit Krekep dan Bukit Kejen dengan jalan yang berliku. Pos 3 Pasar Bubar.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="" lang="SV"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;ol style="margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;" start="3" type="1"&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="" lang="SV"&gt;Jalur Kinahrejo&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="" lang="SV"&gt;Jalur ini panajng dan terjal dan memerlukan waktu sekitar 6jam-an untuk mencapai puncak. Jalur ini dimulai dari Pos 1 Labuhan yang terletak di Desa Kinahrejo Kec Cangkringan Kab Sleman Yogyakarta. Pada awalnya melintasi jalan dusun yang cukup lebar dan banyak dijumpai pohon pinus kemudian menuju jalan setapak yang terpelihara ke pos 1 labuhan. Temat ini terkenal karena diangap sakral dan setiap setahun sekali diadakan upacara labuhan yang diselenggarakan oleh Kraton Ngayogyakarto Hadiningrat sebagai perwujudan hubungan Laut Selatan-Kraton Yogya-Gunung Merapi. Pos 2 Kendit 2400 mdpl, Jalur setapaknya cukup terjal untuk sampai ke hulu Kalikuning yang berpasir vegetasi sudah mulai jarang, di tempat tertentu banyak batu dengan permukaan yang berlumut dan licin sehingga perlu hati2. Pos 3 Gendol 2800 mdpl, jalan setapak dari kendit ke gendol tak nampak jelas karena berada di atas lava masif, banyak dijumpai tanda-tanda berupa tumpukan batu sebagai rambu ke puncak. Yang perlu diperhatikan bila akan turun adalah ketika cuaca berkabut perlu berhati-hati dan jangan lupa siapkan bekal makanan dan minuman yang cukup.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="" lang="SV"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1201812455990987760-760261813944048760?l=myjourneys-tommo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://myjourneys-tommo.blogspot.com/feeds/760261813944048760/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=1201812455990987760&amp;postID=760261813944048760' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1201812455990987760/posts/default/760261813944048760'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1201812455990987760/posts/default/760261813944048760'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://myjourneys-tommo.blogspot.com/2008/05/up-to-merapi.html' title='Up to Merapi'/><author><name>Tommo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14568206338333271420</uri><email>tommoforester@yahoo.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='18134192725772347585'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_Itk-hVECtI4/StAJmPHa37I/AAAAAAAAAl8/b3LSUoqHazU/s72-c/DSC01490.JPG' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1201812455990987760.post-4225002366247549765</id><published>2008-02-05T20:26:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-11-16T18:04:28.695-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Miskinnya dunia penelitian Indonesia</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_Itk-hVECtI4/SwIEoJ4mNBI/AAAAAAAAAqE/pCjrltRhOkU/s1600/2300-8083%7EEinstein-E-Mc2-Posters.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 256px; height: 320px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_Itk-hVECtI4/SwIEoJ4mNBI/AAAAAAAAAqE/pCjrltRhOkU/s320/2300-8083%7EEinstein-E-Mc2-Posters.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5404887590692598802" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Beberapa Artikel yang terbit di media baru-baru ini sangat menggelitik untuk di cermati. Secara tidak langsung artikel-artikel tersebut mengemukakan tentang miskinnya dunia penelitian di Indonesia.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Di dalam sebuah seminar nasional terungkap bahwa pada tahun 2007 saja, hanya lima peneliti asal Indonesia yang memiliki publikasi internasional. Jika masih ingin dikatakan bahwa publikasi di jurnal internasional sebagai barometer daya saing Indonesia di dunia sains internasional maka, well, think again!.&lt;br /&gt;Recent surveys revealed bahwa jika dibandingkan dengan Negara-negara tetangganya di Asia saja, Indonesia duduk dalam peringkat dibawah Negara-negara seperti Singapura, Malaysia dan Thailand. Data dari LIPI pada tahun 2004, Indonesia hanya memiliki 371 publikasi ilmiah di jurnal internasional, whereas, Malaysia mampu menerbitkan 700 publikasi, serta Thailand dan Singapura yang mampu menghasilkan 2.125 dan 3.086 publikasi ilmiahnya di jurnal internasional, imagine!&lt;br /&gt;Selanjutnya, Data yang ada juga menyebutkan, kontribusi Indonesia pada jurnal internasional hanya 0,012 persen. Angka ini lebih rendah dibanding Nepal yang mampu menyumbang 0,014 persen ! Lalu beberapa alasan behind it pun dikemukakan. Namun pada dasarnya semua itu saling berhubungan dan tidak merupakan satu-satunya alasan di balik miskinnya dunia penelitian di negeri ini. Jika dikatakan penyebabnya adalah kurangnya kompetensi kita untuk melakukan penelitian sebagaimana dilansir oleh salah satu media bahwa hanya 1,1persen saja dosen yang layak meneliti. But then again, kita juga harus bertanya apakah kita juga punya cukup keinginan untuk melakukan penelitian? Hal ini menurut media lainnya dapat diindikasi dari banyaknya para akademisi dan peneliti yang sibuk dengan jabatan strukturalnya dan kegiatan di luaran baik sebagai konsultan dan asesor. Selanjutnya ada usulan yang sepertinya reasonable dan wajar yaitu apabila calon guru besar yang seorang doktor wajib memiliki minimal satu publikasi ilmiah internasional. Alasan ekonomi nampaknya masih menjadi factor utama dari semuanya. Baru-baru ini pemerintah menurunkan dana Ristek dan LPND (lembaga pemerintah non departemen) untuk tahun anggaran 2008 sebesar 15 persen. Akibatnya lembaga penelitian besar di Indonesia seperti LIPI pun harus memangkas biaya penelitiannya. Pengurangan 15 persen dari 500 miliar itu hampir 85 miliar which is a huge amount yang cukup membuat para peneliti semakin mengencangkan ikat pinggangnya bila masih ingin melakukan penelitian.&lt;br /&gt;Direktur Pusat Penelitian Kimia LIPI, L. Broto S. Kardono, Ph.D. mengatakan, rasio anggaran litbang nasional terhadap produk domestik bruto (PDB) semakin turun. Sebagai contoh perbandingan rasio anggaran pada 1969 sebesar 0,19 persen, lalu pada 1982 sebesar 0,5 persen. Padahal, di negara-negara besar seperti Amerika Serikat, Norwegia, Jepang, dan Korea Selatan, anggaran litbang nasional mereka terus meningkat. Sepertinya negeri ini belum faham bahwa riset dan edukasi adalah investment for the future, tentu saja hasilnya tidak dapat dirasakan secara instantly. Meski disebutkan bahwa visi Indonesia pada 2025 adalah untuk menggunakan iptek sebagai kekuatan utama bangsa namun kenyataan yang ada tidak mencerminkan upaya untuk menuju apa yang dicita-citakan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;(Gambar: &lt;a href="http://www.allposters.com/-sp/Einstein-E-Mc2-Posters"&gt;www.allposters.com/-sp/Einstein-E-Mc2-Posters&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1201812455990987760-4225002366247549765?l=myjourneys-tommo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://myjourneys-tommo.blogspot.com/feeds/4225002366247549765/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=1201812455990987760&amp;postID=4225002366247549765' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1201812455990987760/posts/default/4225002366247549765'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1201812455990987760/posts/default/4225002366247549765'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://myjourneys-tommo.blogspot.com/2008/02/miskinnya-dunia-penelitian-indonesia.html' title='Miskinnya dunia penelitian Indonesia'/><author><name>Tommo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14568206338333271420</uri><email>tommoforester@yahoo.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='18134192725772347585'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_Itk-hVECtI4/SwIEoJ4mNBI/AAAAAAAAAqE/pCjrltRhOkU/s72-c/2300-8083%7EEinstein-E-Mc2-Posters.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1201812455990987760.post-9191324462875523865</id><published>2008-01-13T18:21:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2008-01-13T18:31:47.398-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Resiliensi Ekosistem</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_Itk-hVECtI4/R4rI_hWgIkI/AAAAAAAAAKw/1IBG3N4sLZw/s1600-h/IMG_3965.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5155153717089018434" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_Itk-hVECtI4/R4rI_hWgIkI/AAAAAAAAAKw/1IBG3N4sLZw/s400/IMG_3965.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Perubahan-perubahan yang sangat cepat terjadi di dunia dimana kita hidup saat ini yang membawa banyak dampak negatif terhadap lingkungan, sehingga menuntut untuk segera dilakukan rehabilitasi jika kita masih ingin dapat hidup di bumi ini. Di dalam topik restorasi ekologi, salah satu unsur penyusun utamanya adalah ide tentang resiliensi ekosistem yang melihat resiliensi sebagai kunci menuju sustainability.&lt;br /&gt;Ada dua mainstreams tentang definisi resiliensi. Yang pertama lebih menekankan pada aspek teknis seperti gaya inersia atau kelembaman serta plastisitas. Sedangkan dari sudut pandang yang kedua yang lebih melihat dari aspek ekosistem, resiliensi pada dasarnya didefinisikan sebagai kapasitas suatu ekosistem untuk bertahan dari suatu gangguan dan kemudian memulihkan kembali fungsi-fungsi dasar pentingnya.  Kita semua hidup di dalam suatu system; manusia dan alam yang satu sama lain saling terhubung. Ini adalah suatu sistem yang kompleks dan adaptif dimana semuanya tidak berjalan secara liniear dan mudah untuk diprediksi, akan tetapi penuh dengan ketidakpastian yang dapat membawa kita ke banyak kondisi (states) yang berbeda di masa depan. Konsep ini disebut juga alternative stable states. Di dalam konsep ini dijelaskan bahwa di alam ini ada banyak kondisi alternatif di masa depan yang berbeda-beda yang terjadi ketika kita telah melewati apa yang disebut dengan thresholds atau batas antara kondisi yang satu dengan kondisi berikutnya. Ketika kita telah melewati thresholds dan berada pada kondisi baru yang undesireable maka akan sulit untuk dapat kembali ke kondisi sebelumnya dimana kondisinya lebih desireable. Seperti diilustrasikan pada gambar di atas. Sustainability pada dasarnya adalah bagaimana kita sadar akan keberadaan dan letak thresholds2 ini dan mampu untuk me-manage system yang ada untuk tidak melewati thresholds atau bila sudah terlewati adalah bagaimana kita dapat me-reverse atau beradaptasi dengan states yang baru. Konsep resilensi memang banyak menawarkan ide-ide yang membuka banyak kesempatan untuk melakukan penelitain yang lebih mendalam lagi tentangnya. Salah satu pertanyaan besar yang ingin dijawab oleh para ilmuwan yang menekuni bidang ini adalah bagaimana kita dapat melakukan pengukuran terhadap resiliensi suatu ekosistem? Bagaimana kita dapat memprediksikan suatu alternative stable states dan bagaimana kita dapat mengukur dan mengetahui sejauh mana posisi kita dari thresholds?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1201812455990987760-9191324462875523865?l=myjourneys-tommo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://myjourneys-tommo.blogspot.com/feeds/9191324462875523865/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=1201812455990987760&amp;postID=9191324462875523865' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1201812455990987760/posts/default/9191324462875523865'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1201812455990987760/posts/default/9191324462875523865'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://myjourneys-tommo.blogspot.com/2008/01/resiliensi-ekosistem.html' title='Resiliensi Ekosistem'/><author><name>Tommo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14568206338333271420</uri><email>tommoforester@yahoo.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='18134192725772347585'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_Itk-hVECtI4/R4rI_hWgIkI/AAAAAAAAAKw/1IBG3N4sLZw/s72-c/IMG_3965.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1201812455990987760.post-6486741332384734766</id><published>2008-01-02T22:22:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2008-01-13T18:35:10.697-08:00</updated><title type='text'>global climate change and ecology</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_Itk-hVECtI4/R4rKQBWgIlI/AAAAAAAAAK4/ZGGgQjZfOQc/s1600-h/incovenient+truth.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5155155100068487762" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_Itk-hVECtI4/R4rKQBWgIlI/AAAAAAAAAK4/ZGGgQjZfOQc/s400/incovenient+truth.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;There has been an increasing consensus that global warming occurs and that it is caused mostly due to the increase of the green house gasses emission that linked with human activities. The impacts of this global warming are not merely on the climate pattern, it will and it has been impacting the world’s ecosystems (Pachauri, 2007). Climate change disaster and the loss of biological diversity has been subject of considerable public concern. This paper summarizes some important scientific substance regarding climate change and impact to biodiversity and what are the roles of ecology in this time of drastic changing world. Climate change can be driven by some factors: solar radiation, the Earth’s orbit and green house gases. The last factor is likely to become the main cause of global climate change. Green house effect refers to heat effect that felt due the entrapped sunlight by layer formed in the atmosphere from the accumulation of some gases such as carbon dioxide and methane. This layer has the nature of a glass-house-like effects which blocked some of the heat from the sunlight to leave the Earth’s atmosphere. This layer is important to keep the Earth warm because without it Earth will be as cold as the other planet in the galaxy. However, when concentration of the green house gases is become overwhelming, the layer becomes thicker and the amount of the heat that trapped is increasing hence making the Earth’s temperature to rise and global warming begin. The change of temperature, even only 1° C can change the world’s climate pattern.&lt;br /&gt;The green house gases or GHG can come from nature activity such as volcanic eruption and lightning. However the major contribution of this GHG comes from human activities which can be in a form of the use of extensive fossil fuels, aerosols, changing land use and deforestation. Carbon dioxide is a major component of the GHG. The burning of tropical rain forest has contributed to the 20% increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere (Houghton, 1991). Heavy concentration of carbon dioxide can also come from a volcanic eruption. There are many parallel situations in the world where volcanic activity has become a major disturbance such as Hawaii, Mount St Helens, Krakatau and New Zealand (Hobbs, 2007). In the early 19th century the legendary eruption of Krakatau in Sunda Strait had caused catastrophic destruction, covering the air with heavy concentration of volcanic ash cloud that contains carbon dioxide across the continent (Thornton, 1996; Dale et al., 2005).&lt;br /&gt;There has been a significance correlation between the increases of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere with the rising of the Earth’s temperature. Data from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2007), revealed that in the year of 2005 the atmosphere’s CO2 concentration was 379ppm³, rising as much as 99ppm³ from the last more than a hundred years ago in the 1850 where the CO2 level was 280ppm³. In these intervals, IPCC noted that there has also been an increase of 1° C in temperature and it is projected to continue to rise until 5° C in the year of 2100 if the current condition continues. The rising temperatures have been impacting our ecosystems. It has caused the rising of the sea water level globally, decreasing the amount of ice and snow in the poles and causing heavy precipitation and extreme drought in other parts of the world (Pachauri, 2007). IPCC also has projecting the ‘next big things’ to hit our ecosystems due to this climate change. In the year 2020, Africa will go through an era where water stress will be at a worrying level. By the year 2050 Asia will also have the same problem with Africa where the supply of fresh water will decrease and follow by the increase of sea water flood risk especially in the heavily populated coastal and delta areas. This actually has been happening in Indonesia and other countries in Asia, so it seems that the disaster will come earlier than we might have predicted. As for the Small Island Developing States or SIDS they will face the threat of conversion to ‘water grave’ among other impacts if the rising sea level keep continue in the future (Cherian, 2007).&lt;br /&gt;Since the last decade, biodiversity has become one of the watchwords in environmental community in the world (Jutro, 1991). Biological diversity is a term to refers to the “variability among living organism from all resources including inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this include diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems” (Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992). Millennium Ecosystem Assessment warns that global climate change will likely become the major driver of the loss of biodiversity in the end of the century. Even today climate change has brought serious impacts to biodiversity by causing habitat shifting, change in life cycle and the development of a new functional life traits and species extinction (CBD, 2007).&lt;br /&gt;We have the luxury of looking at the past by studying paleontology fossils, pollens, tree life circle and historical documents and records to obtain information of how plants and animals abundance and distribution patterns across the globe. It is apparent that these patterns are greatly driven by the world’s climate patterns. Paleobiology study revealed that plants and animals are very sensitive to changes in climate (Davis, 1989). When the regional climate does not supportive then the life forms will disappear or colonizing other places where the climate is much more supportive and that is when habitat shifting happens. Changes in life cycles can be observed on the changes of flowering periods of many flowering plants in the world. If these changing in climatic patterns are so rapid and overwhelming it would be very hard for biota to adapt and species extinction will likely to occur, hence the world’s biological, habitat and ecosystems diversity, species and genetic diversity will be decreasing dramatically (Jutro, 1991).&lt;br /&gt;We would probably spontaneously ask “what can we do?” At least there are two things that need to be done: Adaptation and mitigation. Adaptation activities can help species and ecosystems cope with changing climatic conditions. Ranging from the construction of protective infrastructure to the development of corridors or the planting of resistant tree or crop varieties, adaptation activities can have either a positive, negative or neutral impact on biodiversity (CBD, 2007).&lt;br /&gt;Adaptation to climate change is a complex issue which often requires significant planning and cross-sector support. Then, technology is needed to help with this effort. Though we admitted that it was technology that begins the industrial revolution which then trigger the global warming and climate change. Nevertheless a more sophisticated technology is also needed in order to help to adapt to these changes. Renewable energy is one of the things that technology has to offer. The sunlight, the winds and the plant are some of the known resources of this environmentally-friendly future energy and other sources are still open for further research and exploration. In line with adaptation, we also need to consider seriously of the mitigation efforts. Mitigation concern primarily with the efforts to expand forested landscapes and to restore the world’s forest as carbon sinks. But this will not be an easy task for any country including Indonesia with its current deforestation rates that reach over more than two million hectares per year (FWI/GFW, 2002). It is a sad fact that deforestation is happening at a very alarming rate.&lt;br /&gt;Forests perform as carbon storehouses and play a significant role in influencing our climate. When forests are cleared, they discharge carbon and act as a source of GHG emissions. However, if they are restored, they sequester carbon and become a sink of carbon. The use of forests can for that reason add to the problem of climate change, but it can also be a tool in formulating ways of mitigating it (Streck and Scholz, 2006). Professor Richard J. Hobbs from Murdoch University recently presented his concept of ECWEE. ECWEE stands for Everything Connected with Everything Else. It is the basic concept in ecology that often forgotten in every planning and decision making. ECWEE basically talks about how we see ourself in a broad sense. We all living in this system; the human and nature, which are linked each other and this is a complex adaptive system where everything is not working in a linear and predictable way instead it is full of uncertainty and might take us to many different states of condition. This concept then takes us to the emerging notion of resilience concept in ecology. However, the resilience concept is not a new idea. C.S Holling is the one that set this idea in motion in 1973 with the first scientific paper that explain about resilience. Resilience basically defines as the capacity of an ecosystem to absorb disturbance and ‘bounce back’ to regain its fundamental function and structure (Walker &amp;amp; Salt, 2006). Threshold, alternative stable states and adaptive cycles are some of the building blocks of resilience. In resilience concept, there are many different stable states after a threshold have been crossed (multiple equilibrium states, fig.3). When it does happens it is hard or may not be possible to bounce back, hence we have to be cautious of choosing our pathways because we may not be able make it back to the previous condition. In the context of global climate change concern, this concept of resilience becomes essential. The awareness of the nature carrying capacity and its thresholds are the elements that are often neglected. Famine, epidemic, nature disaster, and biodiversity extinction, these are the possible undesirable states in the near future if we dare to cross the threshold of the continuous overwhelming concentration of green house gasses.&lt;br /&gt;Mitigation is one of the efforts to not cross this threshold. Another important role of ecology in this effort is the emerging need of one of the field in ecology which is; restoration ecology. Why do we need ecological restoration? First of all, we all aware of the fact that deforestation is happening at an alarming rate across the globe. Whilst we also know that a healthy forest ecosystem can act as carbon sequester that can reduce the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Second, the consequences of this climate change have been impacting our environment and ecosystem as seen in the desertification, salinisation, and other ecosystems degradation. Ecological restoration is an intentional activity that initiates or accelerates the recovery of an ecosystem (SERI, 2004). Recently forest restoration has been acknowledged by the Indonesian Government with the issue of the Forestry Ministry’s decree in 2004. However, efforts made by the government merely focus on the idea of re-vegetation, but restoration is more than just re-vegetation: it proceeds beyond gardening. Neglecting the scientific knowledge concerning ecology and other related field has led many restoration programs to fail (Walker et al., 2007). Across the globe, the practice of ecological restoration, and the science of restoration ecology, has developed rapidly over the past few decades. Thus ecological restoration is more and more used as a major component of humanity’s ‘toolbox’, which will be essential to counter and adapt to the climate change (Harris et al., 2006). Our road ahead will not be easy but it worthwhile to think about what Eric Hoffer said regarding ecology in a changing world “In a time of drastic changes, it is a learner who inherits the future”. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1201812455990987760-6486741332384734766?l=myjourneys-tommo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://myjourneys-tommo.blogspot.com/feeds/6486741332384734766/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=1201812455990987760&amp;postID=6486741332384734766' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1201812455990987760/posts/default/6486741332384734766'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1201812455990987760/posts/default/6486741332384734766'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://myjourneys-tommo.blogspot.com/2008/01/global-climate-change-and-bio-d-ecology.html' title='global climate change and ecology'/><author><name>Tommo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14568206338333271420</uri><email>tommoforester@yahoo.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='18134192725772347585'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_Itk-hVECtI4/R4rKQBWgIlI/AAAAAAAAAK4/ZGGgQjZfOQc/s72-c/incovenient+truth.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1201812455990987760.post-7379793204748095557</id><published>2007-12-31T22:07:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2008-01-02T22:22:14.059-08:00</updated><title type='text'>VOLCANOES</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" style="FONT-FAMILY: arial" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_Itk-hVECtI4/R3nYqRWgISI/AAAAAAAAAIU/QgfN8N1ARk4/s1600-h/200px-Dantes_peak_ver2.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5150385869598761250" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: pointer; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_Itk-hVECtI4/R3nYqRWgISI/AAAAAAAAAIU/QgfN8N1ARk4/s400/200px-Dantes_peak_ver2.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:verdana;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Dantes peak adalah film science-adventure yang diklaim sukses menggambarkan secara relatively accurate tentang gunung berapi, a geological guidebook to dante’s peak menulis: “Dante’s peak is an all-too-rare opportunity for you to enjoy a good adventure/natural catastrophe movie, and at the same time, get a feel for how geologists (and other scientists) work”. Film yang dirilis pada tahun 1997 ini dibintangi oleh Pierce Brosnan dan Linda Hamilton. Film ini menceritakan tentang efek dari letusan gunung berapi disebuah &lt;?xml:namespace prefix = st1 /&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:city st="on"&gt;kota&lt;/st1:city&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt; fiktif, Dantes peak. Sedikit banyak film ini didasarkan pada kisah nyata letusan gunung &lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;St. Helens&lt;/st1:place&gt; pada tahun 1980 di Washington.Sebenarnya telah ada beberapa film tentang volcano atau gunung berapi sebelumnya. Letusan legendaries &lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Krakatau&lt;/st1:place&gt; di tahun 1883 diceritakan dalam sebuah film berjudul krakatoa yang terdapat kesalahan ttg posisi krakatau. Krakatau di film tersebut digambarkan terletak di selat &lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Bali&lt;/st1:place&gt; (wuifh..talking about geography lesson huh?). Kemudian film Volcano dirilis beberapa bulan setelah film Dante’s peak ini. Ada banyak situasi parallel di dunia ini dimana gunung berapi menjadi point of interest. Gunung St Helen di Washington(seperti yang telah disebutkan di atas), Vesuvius di Italia, Gunung berapi di Hawaii, Selandia Baru, Pinnatubo di Flipina, Krakatau, Tambora dan Merapi di Indonesia.&lt;span lang="IT" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"&gt; Mengapa gunung berapi menjadi sangat menarik untuk diangkat menjadi sebuah cerita? &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-AU" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"&gt;Karena gunung berapi dekat dengan kehidupan kita dan letusan gunung berapi telah menjadi salah satu fenomena alam yang menakjubkan sekaligus berdampak besar terhadap manusia dan lingkungan. Setiap tahunnya kurang lebih 60 gunung berapi di bumi ini meletus, dan meskipun sebagian besar atau 80% letusan ini adalah letusan di dasar samudra, namun selebihnya terjadi di daratan dan mengakibatkan kerusakan katalistik. Lebih dari setengah daripada jumlah gunung berapi aktif di dunia mengelilingi samudra Pasifik yang dikenal dengan nama cincin api atau the ring of fire. Sekitar 80% dari gunung berapi aktif ini terdapat di Negara-negara berkembang dan kurang mendapat perhatian dari segi riset dan upaya mitigasi bencananya. &lt;?xml:namespace prefix = o /&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-INDENT: 0.5in; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: justifyfont-family:arial;" &gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-AU" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;font-size:10;" &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: justifyfont-family:arial;" &gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span lang="IT" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;font-size:10;" &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1201812455990987760-7379793204748095557?l=myjourneys-tommo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://myjourneys-tommo.blogspot.com/feeds/7379793204748095557/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=1201812455990987760&amp;postID=7379793204748095557' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1201812455990987760/posts/default/7379793204748095557'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1201812455990987760/posts/default/7379793204748095557'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://myjourneys-tommo.blogspot.com/2007/12/volcanoes.html' title='VOLCANOES'/><author><name>Tommo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14568206338333271420</uri><email>tommoforester@yahoo.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='18134192725772347585'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_Itk-hVECtI4/R3nYqRWgISI/AAAAAAAAAIU/QgfN8N1ARk4/s72-c/200px-Dantes_peak_ver2.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1201812455990987760.post-1416120297027390285</id><published>2007-12-28T19:37:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-10-09T21:23:57.739-07:00</updated><title type='text'>ENDORHEIC BASIN OF THREE LAKES BERATAN-BUYAN-TAMBLINGAN BALI-INDONESIA</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_Itk-hVECtI4/StAMMiOuP4I/AAAAAAAAAmU/jl2YFQlve7Q/s1600-h/IMG_4915.JPG"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_Itk-hVECtI4/StAMMiOuP4I/AAAAAAAAAmU/jl2YFQlve7Q/s320/IMG_4915.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5390822163449003906" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_Itk-hVECtI4/StAMCx_jehI/AAAAAAAAAmM/msjSdtqz1dU/s1600-h/IMG_4916.JPG"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_Itk-hVECtI4/StAMCx_jehI/AAAAAAAAAmM/msjSdtqz1dU/s320/IMG_4916.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5390821995881658898" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;The Three lakes area of Beratan, Buyan and Tamblingan located in Bedugul, Bali Indonesia is an endorheic basin form by the remnant of ancient volcanic caldera as size of 12 x 7 km. Water surface level of the three lakes located in an altitude of 1214-1231 m a.s.l&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;The land has a fertile soil and has become a major source of vegetables input of Bali island. The cool climate and beautiful view made this area suitable to be resident permanently for farming and also for tourism industry. This endorheic basin also has a nature reserve; the Batukahu, that comprise of three mountains, the Tapak, Pohen and Lesong. There is also a botanic garden at the foothill of this nature reserve, known as “Eka Karya” Botanic Garden, under the authority of Indonesian Institute of Science (LIPI).&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Hinduism temples are also presence in this area of the endorheic basin. The Ulun Danu Beratan temples are a sacred place for Balinese Hindu believers and have been continuously visited by foreign tourists that came to see this ancient indigenous heritage of Balinese Hinduism offspring. This three lakes are also play an important role as a source of water supply for the lowland area such as the Tabanan, Badung and Buleleng district. Recently had just been discover a&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;deep earth heat source (geothermal) that useful for fulfilling the supply of electricity of this island. Various of endemic flora also found in this area such as the &lt;i style=""&gt;Pinanga arinasae&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i style=""&gt;Paphiopedillum &lt;/i&gt;and various species of orchids and other interesting flora. Hinduism and Islamic people from Java lives peacefully and harmonic each other in this area.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;Most people in this area make their living as a farmer and trader. Some people still depends on natural forest extraction to fulfill their daily need such as for fuel woods and other non timber forest products whether for sale or self intake. Farm lands of vegetables lies on the flat and less steep area around these lakes. Farming with over exploited land carrying capacity activities has resulted in the increasing of sedimentation rate in the bottom of these lakes. Decrease in these three lakes water quality is a result from the extensive use of pesticide and fertilizer, tourist activities and domestic wastes dump. Recently the decrease in the three lakes surfaces has reach until 3 meters and has becoming an important issue to the authority concern. As one of tourism site in &lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Bali&lt;/st1:place&gt;, tourism infrastructure development in this three lakes area such as hotels, villas, and restaurants also developed in a quite rapid pace. The lack of spatial management system has lead to the destruction of this area ecosystem function. There is not any sufficient realistic effort yet to help improve the environment management system in this area. Recent re-greening activity by re-planting the local trees species is less sufficient compare to the damage level.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;  &lt;/div&gt; &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;Endorheic basin of the three lakes Beratan, Buyan and Tamblingan is a unique nature phenomenon. It is regrettable if this is damaged due to over exploitation. Policy management of this area needs to be form as an integrated management in order to conserve this unique nature phenomenon. Some concept was introduced such as the biosphere reserve concept launched by UNESCO, but there has not been a positive respond for it. In the future some salvation efforts needs to be conduct especially in the three lakes buffer zones. It can be in a form of forest restoration activity, improvement of agricultural efforts through land and water conservation technique application, introduction to organic farming and a more strict spatial regulation. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1201812455990987760-1416120297027390285?l=myjourneys-tommo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://myjourneys-tommo.blogspot.com/feeds/1416120297027390285/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=1201812455990987760&amp;postID=1416120297027390285' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1201812455990987760/posts/default/1416120297027390285'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1201812455990987760/posts/default/1416120297027390285'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://myjourneys-tommo.blogspot.com/2007/12/endorheic-basin-of-three-lakes-beratan.html' title='ENDORHEIC BASIN OF THREE LAKES BERATAN-BUYAN-TAMBLINGAN BALI-INDONESIA'/><author><name>Tommo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14568206338333271420</uri><email>tommoforester@yahoo.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='18134192725772347585'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_Itk-hVECtI4/StAMMiOuP4I/AAAAAAAAAmU/jl2YFQlve7Q/s72-c/IMG_4915.JPG' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1201812455990987760.post-7177099787970420498</id><published>2007-12-26T17:23:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2007-12-27T17:20:20.178-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Volcanic disturbance, Pyroclastic flows and Merapi</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_Itk-hVECtI4/R3L_ZRWgIMI/AAAAAAAAAHc/UsUDIypKhIQ/s1600-h/merapi1880.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_Itk-hVECtI4/R3L_ZRWgIMI/AAAAAAAAAHc/UsUDIypKhIQ/s400/merapi1880.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5148458133657493698" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"  style="text-align: center;font-family:verdana;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"  style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Merapi  1920 (from Minakami et al. 1969 as cited in Voight et al 2000)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"  style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;      &lt;p class="MsoNormal"  style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-AU" &gt;D&lt;span style="font-family: verdana;"&gt;isturbance is a key process that can affect diversity levels and change the community (Hobbs &amp;amp; Huenneke, 1992). Natural disturbances, such as volcanic eruptions, hurricanes and wildfires, can catastrophically change the ecosystem over a short time scale (Scheffer &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style="font-family: verdana;"&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: verdana;"&gt;., 2001).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: verdana;"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: verdana;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-US" &gt;Volcanic eruption has become the most enthralling natural phenomenon and yet largely impacting the environment (Marti &amp;amp; Ernst, 2005). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-US" &gt;&lt;span style="font-family: verdana;"&gt;Every year, approximately 60 volcanoes erupt on Earth, and despite almost 80% of them occurring under the oceans, terrestrial volcanic eruptions commonly cause great impacts on vegetation over large areas (Dale &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style="font-family: verdana;"&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: verdana;"&gt;., 2005a).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p class="MsoNormal"  style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: verdana;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-US" &gt;More than half of the active volcanoes encircle the &lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Pacific Ocean&lt;/st1:place&gt;, known as the ‘ring of fire’. About 80% of these volcanoes are located in developing countries and have remained largely unstudied (Marti &amp;amp; Ernst, 2005). Deforestation, including those that caused by &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: verdana;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-AU" &gt;volcanic activities become the biggest threat to forest vegetation. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: verdana;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-AU" &gt;Dale &lt;i style=""&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt; (2005a) identifies six volcanic activities that can have complex effects upon the vegetation; lava formation, pyroclastic flows, debris avalanches, mudflows, tephra and blowdown. One of the most devastating types of volcanic disturbance is pyroclastic flows. A pyroclastic flow is a term to define “the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: verdana;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-US" &gt;fast movement of tremendously hot (more than 700° C), turbulent gases and fragmental material across a land surface from a volcanic vent” &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-AU" &gt;&lt;span style="font-family: verdana;"&gt;(Dale &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style="font-family: verdana;"&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: verdana;"&gt;., 2005a p. 231).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p class="MsoNormal"  style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: verdana;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-AU" &gt;The extreme heat that is released is one of the characteristic disturbance mechanisms from pyroclastic flows that destroy the vegetation along the course of the flow (Dale &lt;i style=""&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., 2005a). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: verdana;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-AU" &gt;Plant responses in a different ways to this pyroclastic flow and the initial impact can be devastating. The heat released from pyroclastic flows can ignite wildfires. Vegetation responses to fire vary. Intense fire most likely kills or damages some of the plants, but others are more persistent and depend on fire for their regeneration &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: verdana;font-size:85%;" lang="EN-AU" &gt;(Pickett &amp;amp; White 1985; Riswan &amp;amp; Kartawinata, 1991; Bond &amp;amp; Wilgen, 1996).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:85%;" lang="IN" &gt;&lt;span style="font-family: verdana;"&gt; Hence these responses initiate gradual readjustments in species association through time and this process is known as succession (Walker &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style="font-family: verdana;"&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: verdana;"&gt;., 2007).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;"  lang="IN" &gt;Merapi is one of Indonesia's most active volcanoes, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;"  lang="EN-AU" &gt;with its first eruptions estimated to have happened in 1006 (Bemmelen, 1970)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;"  lang="IN" &gt;. This stratovolcanic mountain lies in the densely populated province of&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Central Java and Yogyakarta and has a summit that reaches over 2,900 m in altitude. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;"  lang="EN-AU" &gt;Merapi has periodical ‘fury’ cycles of 5 to 6 years, and the most recent event was in 2006 (1000 years after its first eruption). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;"  lang="EN-US" &gt;Merapi also produces more pyroclastic flows than any other volcano on Earth and it has become the reference volcano of the ‘Merapi-type’ pyroclastic flows (Abdurachman &lt;i style=""&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt;, 2000).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;"  lang="EN-AU" &gt; The &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;"  lang="EN-US" &gt;pyroclastic flow of Merapi is&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;"  lang="EN-AU" &gt; a product from a collapsed lava dome &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;"  lang="EN-AU" &gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:Verdana;font-size:10;"  lang="EN-AU" &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1201812455990987760-7177099787970420498?l=myjourneys-tommo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://myjourneys-tommo.blogspot.com/feeds/7177099787970420498/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=1201812455990987760&amp;postID=7177099787970420498' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1201812455990987760/posts/default/7177099787970420498'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1201812455990987760/posts/default/7177099787970420498'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://myjourneys-tommo.blogspot.com/2007/12/volcanic-disturbance-pyroclastic-flows.html' title='Volcanic disturbance, Pyroclastic flows and Merapi'/><author><name>Tommo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14568206338333271420</uri><email>tommoforester@yahoo.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='18134192725772347585'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_Itk-hVECtI4/R3L_ZRWgIMI/AAAAAAAAAHc/UsUDIypKhIQ/s72-c/merapi1880.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1201812455990987760.post-2980310375612306235</id><published>2007-12-20T21:52:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2007-12-20T22:31:12.231-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Global climate change and Biodiversity</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_Itk-hVECtI4/R2tWKxWgIII/AAAAAAAAAG0/AHSk22VHQTs/s1600-h/DSC00310.JPG"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5146301742247321730" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_Itk-hVECtI4/R2tWKxWgIII/AAAAAAAAAG0/AHSk22VHQTs/s400/DSC00310.JPG" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;There has been an increasing consensus that global warming occurs and that it is caused mostly due to the increase of the green house gasses emission that linked with human activities. The impacts of this global warming are not merely on the climate pattern, it will and it has been impacting the world’s ecosystems (Pachauri, 2007). Climate change disaster and the loss of biological diversity has been subject of considerable public concern. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Climate change can be driven by some factors: solar radiation, the Earth’s orbit and green house gases. The last factor is likely to become the main cause of global climate change. Green house effect refers to heat effect that felt due the entrapped sunlight by layer formed in the atmosphere from the accumulation of some gases such as carbon dioxide and methane. This layer has the nature of a glass-house-like effects which blocked some of the heat from the sunlight to leave the Earth’s atmosphere. This layer is important to keep the Earth warm because without it Earth will be as cold as the other planet in the galaxy. However, when concentration of the green house gases is become overwhelming, the layer becomes thicker and the amount of the heat that trapped is increasing hence making the Earth’s temperature to rise and global warming begin. The change of temperature, even only 1° C can change the world’s climate pattern.&lt;br /&gt;The green house gases or GHG can come from nature activity such as volcanic eruption and lightning. However the major contribution of this GHG comes from human activities which can be in a form of the use of extensive fossil fuels, aerosols, changing land use and deforestation. Carbon dioxide is a major component of the GHG. The burning of tropical rain forest has contributed to the 20% increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere (Houghton, 1991). Heavy concentration of carbon dioxide can also come from a volcanic eruption. There are many parallel situations in the world where volcanic activity has become a major disturbance such as Hawaii, Mount St Helens, Krakatau and New Zealand (Hobbs, 2007). In the early 19th century the legendary eruption of Krakatau in Sunda Strait had caused catastrophic destruction, covering the air with heavy concentration of volcanic ash cloud that contains carbon dioxide across the continent (Thornton, 1996; Dale et al., 2005).&lt;br /&gt;There has been a significance correlation between the increases of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere with the rising of the Earth’s temperature. Data from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2007), revealed that in the year of 2005 the atmosphere’s CO2 concentration was 379ppm³, rising as much as 135% from the last more than a hundred years ago in the 1850 where the CO2 level was 280ppm³. In these intervals, IPCC noted that there has also been an increase of 1° C in temperature and it is projected to continue to rise until 5° C in the year of 2100 if the current condition continues. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;The rising temperatures have been impacting our ecosystems. It has caused the rising of the sea water level globally, decreasing the amount of ice and snow in the poles and causing heavy precipitation and extreme drought in other parts of the world (Pachauri, 2007). IPCC also has projecting the ‘next big things’ to hit our ecosystems due to this climate change. In the year 2020, Africa will go through an era where water stress will be at a worrying level. By the year 2050 Asia will also have the same problem with Africa where the supply of fresh water will decrease and follow by the increase of sea water flood risk especially in the heavily populated coastal and delta areas. This actually has been happening in Indonesia and other countries in Asia, so it seems that the disaster will come earlier than we might have predicted. As for the Small Island Developing States or SIDS they will face the threat of conversion to ‘water grave’ among other impacts if the rising sea level keep continue in the future.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Since the last decade, biodiversity has become one of the watchwords in environmental community in the world (Jutro, 1991). Biological diversity is a term to refers to the “variability among living organism from all resources including inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this include diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems” (Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992). Millennium Ecosystem Assessment warns that global climate change will likely become the major driver of the loss of biodiversity in the end of the century. Even today climate change has brought serious impacts to biodiversity by causing habitat shifting, change in life cycle and the development of a new functional life traits and species extinction (CBD, 2007). &lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;We have the luxury of looking at the past by studying paleontology fossils, pollens, tree life circle and historical documents and records to obtain information of how plants and animals abundance and distribution patterns across the globe. It is apparent that these patterns are greatly driven by the world’s climate patterns. Paleobiology study revealed that plants and animals are very sensitive to changes in climate (Davis, 1989). When the regional climate does not supportive then the life forms will disappear or colonizing other places where the climate is much more supportive and that is when habitat shifting happens. Changes in life cycles can be observed on the changes of flowering periods of many flowering plants in the world. If these changing in climatic patterns are so rapid and overwhelming it would be very hard for biota to adapt and species extinction will likely to occur, hence the world’s biological, habitat and ecosystems diversity, species and genetic diversity will be decreasing dramatically (Jutro, 1991). &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1201812455990987760-2980310375612306235?l=myjourneys-tommo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://myjourneys-tommo.blogspot.com/feeds/2980310375612306235/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=1201812455990987760&amp;postID=2980310375612306235' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1201812455990987760/posts/default/2980310375612306235'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1201812455990987760/posts/default/2980310375612306235'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://myjourneys-tommo.blogspot.com/2007/12/global-climate-change-and-biodiversity.html' title='Global climate change and Biodiversity'/><author><name>Tommo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14568206338333271420</uri><email>tommoforester@yahoo.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='18134192725772347585'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_Itk-hVECtI4/R2tWKxWgIII/AAAAAAAAAG0/AHSk22VHQTs/s72-c/DSC00310.JPG' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1201812455990987760.post-2527755060191893776</id><published>2007-12-17T17:44:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2007-12-20T22:47:52.146-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Ecology and climate change</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_Itk-hVECtI4/R2cmlhWgIDI/AAAAAAAAAGM/vtbmUpyF6m0/s1600-h/mu_logo_lhs_45.gif"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5145123525343846450" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_Itk-hVECtI4/R2cmlhWgIDI/AAAAAAAAAGM/vtbmUpyF6m0/s400/mu_logo_lhs_45.gif" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Professor Richard J. Hobbs from Murdoch University recently presented his concept of ECWEE. ECWEE stands for Everything Connected With Everything Else. It is the basic concept in ecology that often forgotten in every planning and decision making. ECWEE basically talks about how we see ourself in a broad sense. We all living in this system; the human and nature which are linked each other and this is a complex adaptive system where everything is not working in a linear and predictable way instead it is full of uncertainty and might take us to many different states of condition. This concept then takes us to the emerging notion of resilience concept in ecology. However, the resilience concept is not a new idea. C.S Holling is the one that set this idea in motion in 1973 with the first scientific paper that explain about resilience. Resilience basically defines as the capacity of an ecosystem to absorb disturbance and ‘bounce back’ to regain its fundamental function and structure (Walker &amp;amp; Salt, 2006). Threshold, alternative stable states and adaptive cycles are some of the building blocks of resilience. In resilience concept, there are many different stable states (multiple equilibrium states) after a threshold have been crossed and sometimes when it does happens it is hard to bounce back or it may not be possible, hence we have to be cautious of choosing our pathways because we may not be able make it back to the previous condition. In the context of global climate change concern, this concept of resilience becomes essential. The awareness of the nature carrying capacity and its thresholds are the elements that are often neglected. Famine, epidemic, nature disaster, and biodiversity extinction, these are the possible undesirable states in the near future if we dare to have crossed the threshold of the continuous overwhelming concentration of green house gasses.&lt;br /&gt;Mitigation is one of the efforts to not cross this threshold. Another important role of ecology in this effort is the emerging need of one of the field in ecology which is; restoration ecology. Why do we need ecological restoration? First of all, we all aware of the fact that deforestation is happening at an alarming rate across the globe. Whilst we also know that a healthy forest ecosystem can act as carbon sequester that can reduce the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Second, the consequences of this climate change have been impacting our environment and ecosystem as seen in the desertification, salinisation, and other ecosystems degradation. Ecological restoration is an intentional activity that initiates or accelerates the recovery of an ecosystem (SERI, 2004). Recently forest restoration has been acknowledged in Indonesia with the issue of the Forestry Ministry’s decree in 2004. However, efforts made merely focus on the idea of re-vegetation, but restoration is more than just re-vegetation: it proceeds beyond gardening. Neglecting the scientific knowledge concerning ecology and other related field has led many restoration programs to fail (Walker et al., 2007). Across the globe, the practice of ecological restoration, and the science of restoration ecology, has developed rapidly over the past few decades. Thus ecological restoration is more and more used as a major component of humanity’s ‘toolbox’, which will be essential to counter and adapt to the climate change (Harris et al., 2006). Our road ahead will not be easy but it worthwhile to think about what Eric Hoffer said regarding ecology in a changing world “In a time of drastic changes, it is a learner who inherits the future”.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1201812455990987760-2527755060191893776?l=myjourneys-tommo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://myjourneys-tommo.blogspot.com/feeds/2527755060191893776/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=1201812455990987760&amp;postID=2527755060191893776' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1201812455990987760/posts/default/2527755060191893776'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1201812455990987760/posts/default/2527755060191893776'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://myjourneys-tommo.blogspot.com/2007/12/ecology-and-climate-change.html' title='Ecology and climate change'/><author><name>Tommo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14568206338333271420</uri><email>tommoforester@yahoo.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='18134192725772347585'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_Itk-hVECtI4/R2cmlhWgIDI/AAAAAAAAAGM/vtbmUpyF6m0/s72-c/mu_logo_lhs_45.gif' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1201812455990987760.post-4158625686357508334</id><published>2007-12-17T17:04:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-10-09T21:28:39.107-07:00</updated><title type='text'>UGM-Finest in Indonesia</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_Itk-hVECtI4/StANa5MpCVI/AAAAAAAAAmc/rJJeajzI_rA/s1600-h/ugM+LOGO.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 110px; height: 109px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_Itk-hVECtI4/StANa5MpCVI/AAAAAAAAAmc/rJJeajzI_rA/s320/ugM+LOGO.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5390823509644085586" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_Itk-hVECtI4/R2cd5BWgICI/AAAAAAAAAGE/h4EjZ7D1S3U/s1600-h/ZZU8uuQKmp.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_Itk-hVECtI4/R2cd5BWgICI/AAAAAAAAAGE/h4EjZ7D1S3U/s400/ZZU8uuQKmp.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5145113964746645538" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Untuk yang ingin melanjutkan pendidikan ke universitas di Indonesia ada baiknya untuk membaca artikel berikut ini ;)selamat membaca&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Senin, 26/11/2007 - 16:20 WIB&lt;br /&gt;Peringkat 360 Dunia, UGM Terbaik di Indonesia &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;YOGYAKARTA - Setelah pada bulan Juli 2007 UGM menjadi satu-satunya universitas di Indonesia yang masuk pada 100 besar Webometric Asia, pada November 2007 ini, peringkat dunia diraih kembali oleh UGM.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Berdasarkan hasil survey sepanjang tahun yang dilakukan oleh Times Higher education Survey (THES), UGM menempatkan diri pada peringkat 360 dari 400 Universitas terbaik di dunia.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"Ini bukti kita tak berhenti mencetak prestasi. Juli lalu kita masuk 100 besar Webometric asia kali ini masuk 360 terbaik dunia versi THES," kata Kepala Humas dan Protokol UGM, Suryo Baskoro di UGM, Senin (26/11/2007).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pemeringkatan prestasi UGM ini kata Suryo didasarkan pada empat aspek yaitu kualitas riset, keterpakaian lulusan, atmosfer internasional dan kualitas pembelajaran.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sebelumnya imbuh Suryo, THES juga telah mendapatkan masukan dari sekira 3.703 akademisi di seluruh dunia serta menghitung jumlah sitasi tulisan dosen universitas yang bersangkutan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"Sementara keterpakaian lulusan diperoleh atas masukan 738 lembaga internasional pemakai lulusan kita. Sedangkan atmosfer internasional didapat dari jumlah dosen dan mahasiswa internasional," tegas Suryo.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Di Indonesia UGM pemegang gelar juara umum PIMNAS (Pekan Ilmiah Mahasiswa Nasional) tahun 2006 dan 2007 ini mengokohkan dirinya sebagai universitas terbaik di Indonesia. Pada 400 besar dunia tadi selain UGM meraih peringkat 360, ITB bertengger pada posisi 369 dan UI di peringkat 395.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"Di Indonesia UGM tetap yang terbaik. Sementara posisi universitas Harvard (AS) masih tetap berada pada peringkat teratas dan belum tergeser oleh universitas lainnya," kata Suryo.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Satria Nugraha / Trijaya / fit)&lt;br /&gt;dari okezone.com&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1201812455990987760-4158625686357508334?l=myjourneys-tommo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://myjourneys-tommo.blogspot.com/feeds/4158625686357508334/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=1201812455990987760&amp;postID=4158625686357508334' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1201812455990987760/posts/default/4158625686357508334'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1201812455990987760/posts/default/4158625686357508334'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://myjourneys-tommo.blogspot.com/2007/12/ugm-finest-in-indonesia.html' title='UGM-Finest in Indonesia'/><author><name>Tommo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14568206338333271420</uri><email>tommoforester@yahoo.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='18134192725772347585'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_Itk-hVECtI4/StANa5MpCVI/AAAAAAAAAmc/rJJeajzI_rA/s72-c/ugM+LOGO.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1201812455990987760.post-5828085827506688139</id><published>2007-11-24T18:06:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-10-09T21:30:30.996-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Swap Mart, Fremantle dan Tempe</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_Itk-hVECtI4/StAN3LnHMLI/AAAAAAAAAms/HmOTrZ1fv1Y/s1600-h/DSC00132_resize_resize.JPG"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_Itk-hVECtI4/StAN3LnHMLI/AAAAAAAAAms/HmOTrZ1fv1Y/s320/DSC00132_resize_resize.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5390823995623289010" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_Itk-hVECtI4/StANvYhWWsI/AAAAAAAAAmk/mFsP4MrLJqg/s1600-h/DSC00073_resize.JPG"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_Itk-hVECtI4/StANvYhWWsI/AAAAAAAAAmk/mFsP4MrLJqg/s320/DSC00073_resize.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5390823861649824450" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5136598990638663506" style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center;" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_Itk-hVECtI4/R0jdkS6lx1I/AAAAAAAAAEw/B0pNcEF_sNo/s400/DSC00060_resize.JPG" border="0" /&gt;Winter 2007&lt;br /&gt;Hari itu saya bangun pagi sekali meskipun hari minggu. Ya karena pagi ini saya ingin jalan ke swap mart di Kardnya dan menyusuri bagian selatannya Perth.&lt;br /&gt;Meskipun sedang musim dingin tetapi udaranya masih cukup nyaman dengan sinar matahari yang malu-malu mengintip.&lt;br /&gt;Swap mart adalah pasar kaget yang rutin digelar setiap hari minggu pagi mulai pukul 6 hingga 11 siang di beberapa sudut kota Perth. Kardnya adalah salah satu kawasan yang masuk dalam bagian City of Melville di sebelah Selatan Perth dan Swan River. Di dekat sini tepatnya di South street berdiri Universitas tertua di Australia setelah the University of Western Australia yaitu Murdoch University.&lt;br /&gt;Oh ya balik lagi ke Swap Mart ya disini banyak dijual barang-barang second hand dengan kualitas yang masih baik dan harga yang sangat miring. Jenis dagangannya bermacam-macam dari mulai pakaian dan sepatu, alat-alat rumah tangga, alat-alat elektronik, buku-buku, tanaman hias hingga mainan anak-anak. Tidak heran setiap hari minggu bila hari cerah pasar ini ramai dikunjungi orang mulai dari ibu-ibu, bapak-bapak, anak-anak hingga mahasiswa asing yang selalu ingin serba ngirit seperti saya hehehe. Lumayan hari itu saya dapat beberapa buku, sebuah raket tenis dan sebuah helm untuk bersepeda semua dengan harga kurang dari 10 dollar not bad lah&lt;br /&gt;Puas di swap mart saya bejalan ke halte bus to catch a bus to Fremantle. Kenapa Fremantle? Well sejak pertama kali saya berkunjung ke kota ini saya selalu ketagihan untuk selalu kembali mengunjunginya. Fremantle atau ‘Freo’ adalah sebuah kota pelabuhan di Western Australia yang terletak di muara sungai Swan sekitar 19 km Barat Laut Perth. Didirikan pertama kali tahun 1829 dan kini populasinya sekitar 26,000 orang. Kota ini terkenal dengan atmosfer cosmopolitannya dengan nuansa Eropa Selatan yang sangat kental terutama nuansa Italia. Kita dapat berjalan menyusuri lorong-lorong kota ini dan serasa berjalan kembali ke masa lalu dengan gedung-gedung kunonya. Lalu dengan mudahnya pula kita bisa berjalan menuju ke pelabuhan dan pantainya dimana terdapat seafoodnya yang menggugah selera, semua dalam jangkauan berjalan kaki. Ada juga bus khusus yang rutenya mengelilingi kota Fremantle dan tidak perlu membayar alias gratis! Namanya Fremantle CAT Bus. Rute-rutenya salah satunya adalah melewati the Western Australia Maritime Museum dimana ada display replica kapal selam alias submarine dengan ukuran yang sebenarnya!&lt;br /&gt;Setelah mengisi perut dengan fish and chips di Kaili’s restaurant near the harbour, saya teringat untuk mencari oriental shop untuk masak dinner malam nanti. Setelah berjalan mengubek-ubek blok-blok kota akhirnya saya menemukan sebuah toko Asian atau oriental shop. Lumayan besar dan cukup lengkap. Berbagai macam bumbu masakan dari Indonesia seperti Indofood dan Bamboe hingga Jahe Wangi Instan pengahangat badan saat winter dapat saya temukan disini. Saat sedang mengamati bakso di kulkas saya terperanjat menemukan sebuah bahan makanan yang sangat familiar, terbuat dari kacang keledai yang difermentasi alias….tempe waaah senan sekali rasanya saya bisa menemukannya karena amat jarang sekali bisa mendapatkan tempe di sini. Paling banter hanya tahu tapi tidak tempe. Langsung saya ambil dua buah tempe seharga 3 dollar. Yah kalau di Indonesia mah tempe 2000 perak juga dapat tapi disini harganya bisa jadi 25ribu rupiah per satu tempe hehehe tapi ga apa deh yang penting kerinduan akan balado tempe terobati hehehe.&lt;br /&gt;Dalam perjalanan pulang saya kembali mampir di Fremantle market untuk membeli sayuran dan buah-buahan murah. Freo market ini termasuk salah satu bangunan di awal terbentuknya kota ini. Pasar ini mulai ada sejak tahun 1897 hingga sekarang. Bila weekend seperti ini apalagi menjelang sore biasanya para pedagang buah dan sayur mulai banting harga nah saat itulah saya mulai hunting sayur dan buah yang masih bagus lumayan kan bisa ngirit :) Menjelang sore saya sudah berada di dalam bus menuju Winthrop dimana saya tinggal. well itulah perjalanan saya sehari berputar-putar di Kardinya dan Fremantle. Kini selain romansa nuansa eropa kuno dan pantainya ada satu lagi yang membuat saya ketagihan dengan Freo yaitu tidak lain adalah.....Tempe!&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1201812455990987760-5828085827506688139?l=myjourneys-tommo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://myjourneys-tommo.blogspot.com/feeds/5828085827506688139/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=1201812455990987760&amp;postID=5828085827506688139' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1201812455990987760/posts/default/5828085827506688139'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1201812455990987760/posts/default/5828085827506688139'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://myjourneys-tommo.blogspot.com/2007/11/swap-mart-fremantle-dan-tempe.html' title='Swap Mart, Fremantle dan Tempe'/><author><name>Tommo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14568206338333271420</uri><email>tommoforester@yahoo.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='18134192725772347585'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_Itk-hVECtI4/StAN3LnHMLI/AAAAAAAAAms/HmOTrZ1fv1Y/s72-c/DSC00132_resize_resize.JPG' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1201812455990987760.post-2925800776537491754</id><published>2007-11-14T08:14:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2007-11-14T08:19:01.600-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Restorasi ekosistem</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_Itk-hVECtI4/RzsfqvhuhmI/AAAAAAAAAEc/OxjP2KkD7aI/s1600-h/DSCF4708.JPG"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5132731019491706466" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_Itk-hVECtI4/RzsfqvhuhmI/AAAAAAAAAEc/OxjP2KkD7aI/s400/DSCF4708.JPG" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Cagar Alam salah satu bentuk kawasan hutan konservasi, artinya kawasan ini memiliki fungsi  untuk perlindungan, pengawetan, dan pemanfaatan kawasan serta tempat berbagai jenis flora dan fauna. Cagar alam merupakan salah satu bentuk hutan hujan tropis yang masih tersisa di antara sekian banyak hutan tropis Indonesia yang telah rusak. Potensi keanekaragaman hayati yang dikandungnya memiliki peran dan posisi yang penting dalam peta biodiversitas Indonesia. Telah diketahui bahwa bahkan di dalam hutan alam yang telah mencapai  klimaks pun, kondisinya tidak statis akan tetapi dinamis. Karena beberapa sebab alami maupun anthropogenic-driven dapat membuat eksositem yang sehat ini berubah menjadi eksosistem yang terdegradasi. Kita memang mengakui bahwa disturbances atau gangguan tersebut terkadang diperlukan bagi keberlanjutan beberapa spesies untuk berkembang biak seperti halnya Pinus merkusii yang memang tumbuh baik di daerah yang secara frekuensi sering terbakar atau prescribed burning. Namun kini gangguan hutan karena sebab manusia atau antropogenic-driven disturbances semakin menjadi trend. Penambangan di daerah kawasan konservasi baik legal maupun illegal mulai merambah kawasan dan mengubah eksosistem menjadi habitat yang terdegradasi. Sedikit atau banyak, kerusakan hutan tetap akan berpengaruh terhadap banyak hal. Antara lain kekhawatiran akan bertambah parahnya tingkat pemanasan global, perubahan iklim, bencana alam kekeringan, banjir dan tanah longsor. Kondisi ekosistem hutan yang sudah terdegradasi serta mengalami deforestasi menuntut segera dilakukan upaya pemulihan sehingga kawasan hutan dapat kembali berfungsi sebagaimana mestinya.&lt;br /&gt;Suksesi ekologi adalah konsep yang mendasar dalam ekologi, yang merujuk pada perubahan-perubahan berangkai dalam struktur dan komposisi suatu komunitas ekologi yang dapat diramalkan. Suksesi dapat terinisiasi oleh terbentuknya formasi baru suatu habitat yang sebelumnya tidak dihuni oleh mahluk hidup ataupun oleh adanya gangguan terhadap komunitas hayati yang telah ada sebelumnya oleh kebakaran, badai, maupun penebangan hutan. Kasus yang pertama sering disebut juga sebagai suksesi primer, sedangkan kasus kedua disebut sebagai suksesi sekunder. Dengan demikian suksesi ekologi adalah suatu proses perubahan komponen-komponen spesies suatu komunitas selama selang waktu tertentu. Menyusul adanya sebuah gangguan, suatu ekosistem biasanya akan berkembang dari mulai tingkat organisasi sederhana (misalnya beberapa spesies dominan) hingga ke komunitas yang lebih kompleks (banyak spesies yang interdependen) selama beberapa generasi Restorasi adalah pengembalian suatu ekosistem atau habitat  kepada struktur komunitas, komplemen alami spesies, atau fungsi alami aslinya (WRI, IUCN, UNEP; 1995). Retorasi, merupakan pemulihan melalui suatu reintroduksi secara aktif dengan spesies yang semula ada, sehingga mencapai struktur dan komposisi spesies seperti semula. Tujauannya untuk mengembalikan struktur, fungsi, kenekragaman dan dinamika suatu ekosistem yang dituju (Society for Ecological Restoration 199 dalam Primack, R.B. dkk, 1998).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1201812455990987760-2925800776537491754?l=myjourneys-tommo.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://myjourneys-tommo.blogspot.com/feeds/2925800776537491754/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=1201812455990987760&amp;postID=2925800776537491754' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1201812455990987760/posts/default/2925800776537491754'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1201812455990987760/posts/default/2925800776537491754'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://myjourneys-tommo.blogspot.com/2007/11/restorasi-ekosistem.html' title='Restorasi ekosistem'/><author><name>Tommo</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14568206338333271420</uri><email>tommoforester@yahoo.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='18134192725772347585'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_Itk-hVECtI4/RzsfqvhuhmI/AAAAAAAAAEc/OxjP2KkD7aI/s72-c/DSCF4708.JPG' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'>0</thr:total></entry></feed>